As young children's perspectives are increasingly "taken seriously" across disciplines, the pursuit of authentic and ethical research with young children has become the subject of recent discussion. Much of this relates to listening "authentically" to (or understanding) young children, focusing on research design, ethics, theory, methods and data analysis. However, the literature on data analysis provides insufficient guidance to help researchers move from "listening" to young children to truly "understanding" them. To illustrate the deficit, this article draws on data from a study of young (two- to five-year-old) children's perspectives on their learning. The argument is supported with a discussion of the challenges of analysing data. The article concludes by suggesting how a robust theorisation of the key concepts of a study is one way all adults can move from "adultist" assumptions towards more valid understandings of young children's perspectives.