The Bakke decision, the President's civil rights reorganization, and the changes in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and at state and local civil rights agencies demand a greater professionalism in civil rights enforcement nationally. (Author/WI)

This paper introduces a collection of papers that examines the impact of affirmative action on college admission and the importance of school desegregation. The book addresses whether or not the educational value of diversity is sufficiently compelling to justify the consideration of race when making college admission decisions. This introduction…

Changes in the world of higher education since the '60s can be captured in several photographs, including the aftermath of the war protest rally at Kent State, James Meredith with the National Guard, Allan Bakke beside a patient's bed, and the Asian student in Beijing who challenged government tanks. (MLW)

This book focuses on the legal and ideological controversy over the application of affirmative action policy to combat discrimination based on race, national origin/ethnicity, and gender. After the introduction, seven chapters discuss (2) "The Roots of Affirmative Action, the Women's Movement, and the Groups Covered by Affirmative…

This legal document presents the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the affirmative action case brought against the University of Michigan's Law School. On June 23, 2003, the Court held in Grutter v. Bollinger et al. that diversity is a compelling interest in higher education and that race is one of a number of factors that can be taken into…

On June 23, 2003, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions policies designed to promote diversity in higher education. The Grutter versus Bollinger decision upheld the University of Michigan Law School race-conscious admissions policy as constitutional. However, in Gratz versus Bollinger, it held…

An explanation of the Bakke case, traditional admissions procedures, current trends and descriptions of six highly selective current programs and their admissions criteria are presented. In the Bakke case, the Supreme Court held that universities may not set quotas, i.e., reserve fixed numbers of places for blacks or members of other minority…

An analysis is presented of the "Bakke" decision and the several opinions of the Supreme Court Justices. The principal issue presented by the case is whether a higher education institution using a selective admission program may adjust that program by giving explicit preference to qualified members of identified racial or ethnic groups…

This chapter reviews the legal standards governing affirmative action in higher education, examining the diversity rationale and contrasting the cases of Hopwood v. Texas and Wittmer v. Peters, which were decided in 1996. It discusses: the legal standard governing affirmative action in higher education; the remedial interest in overcoming the…

Intervention, a procedure by which an outsider with some personal stake in the outcome of a lawsuit may become a party to it, was sought and denied in the Bakke case. This article reviews federal rules and analyzes criteria for statutory and nonstatutory intervention, and discusses the requirement of "timeliness." (GC)

Constitutional issues addressed in the Supreme Court's decision are reviewed. The opinions rendered by Justice Powell are viewed as reflections of the weakness of recent equal protection theory, and as signs of future doctrine. (GC)

The Bakke case is viewed as simply another reflection of elitist criteria which limit the success of minority groups in our society. The arguments brought forth by Bakke's lawyers are shown to support this position. (GC)

The theory of culturally biased test scores is discussed, in terms of both the Bakke case and the theory's broader societal implications. Literature addressing the problem of test bias is reviewed. Remedies for predictive invalidity are proposed. The importance of thorough documentation in court litigation concerning this issue is stressed.…