The Supreme Court's ruling in the Bakke case, which found that strict numerical quotas were illegal in admissions programs, is analyzed in this article in terms of its applications to women's rights. It is pointed out that although the ruling, which was made on a statutory rather than a constitutional basis, conceded that race could be considered…

The Court's strong endorsement, albeit in a limited factual setting, of voluntary remedial preferences should give some aid to those seeking equal opportunity in employment. Available from School of Law, Creighton University, 2200 California St., Omaha, NE 68178. (Author/IRT)

This legal document presents the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the affirmative action case brought against the University of Michigan's Law School. On June 23, 2003, the Court held in Grutter v. Bollinger et al. that diversity is a compelling interest in higher education and that race is one of a number of factors that can be taken into…

Justice Powell's conceptualization of sex discrimination in the Bakke case is analyzed. Implications of this analysis for affirmative action for women are considered, and the court's approach to affirmative action for minorities is rejected as applying to women's rights. An alternative approach to affirmative action for women is outlined.…

Intervention, a procedure by which an outsider with some personal stake in the outcome of a lawsuit may become a party to it, was sought and denied in the Bakke case. This article reviews federal rules and analyzes criteria for statutory and nonstatutory intervention, and discusses the requirement of "timeliness." (GC)

Constitutional issues addressed in the Supreme Court's decision are reviewed. The opinions rendered by Justice Powell are viewed as reflections of the weakness of recent equal protection theory, and as signs of future doctrine. (GC)

The relationship between the history of racism and the denial of equal participation for Blacks today is discussed. The implications of the Bakke decision for the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions criteria are examined. It is shown that the government is constitutionally both permitted and required to take affirmative action. (MC)