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Gough, Robert J. – History of Education Quarterly, 2010
During the decades around the beginning of the twentieth century, public universities in the United States commonly employed a "certificate system" to establish eligibility for undergraduate admittance. "Certification" meant that between 1877 and 1931 representatives of the University of Wisconsin inspected high schools and had…
Descriptors: Certification, High School Graduates, Admission Criteria, College Admission
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Hoffman, Lauren P. – Journal of Educational Administration and History, 2009
The purpose of this article is to argue for a social activist stance in educational leadership that fundamentally addresses social change and human emancipation. This call for social activism is framed within neoliberal, neoconservative, and authoritarian populist discourses in the USA, which to social justice educators and leaders had devastating…
Descriptors: Social Justice, Community Development, Activism, Social Action
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Smagorinsky, Peter; Gibson, Natalie; Bickmore, Steven T.; Moore, Cynthia P.; Cook, Leslie Susan – English Education, 2004
In this paper the authors focus on one early-career teacher, co-author Natalie Gibson, whose initial teaching experiences were mediated by educational settings shaped by these different and often conflicting traditions. Their study of Natalie's early-career trajectory is concerned with understanding her effort to develop a conception of…
Descriptors: Teaching Experience, Student Teaching, Beginning Teachers, Theory Practice Relationship