This report includes information from the National Indian Education Study of American Indian/Alaska Native students in grades 4 and 8 on the 2005 National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) in reading and mathematics. The national sample includes both public and private schools (i.e. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Defense Education Activity, and private schools). States represented in the study are Alaska, Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. In both Grade 4 and Grade 8 Reading: (1) American Indian/Alaska Native students in Oklahoma had a higher average scale score and a higher percentage performing at or above "basic" than American Indian/Alaska Native students in the nation and other selected states; (2) Compared to the nation, American Indian/Alaska Native students in Alaska, Arizona, New Mexico, and South Dakota had lower average scores; and (3) No significant difference was found between the performance of Hispanic students and American Indian/Alaska Native students. In both Grade 4 and Grade 8 Mathematics, American Indian/Alaska Native students in grade 4 had lower average scores in mathematics than all other students in the nation. In Grade 4 Mathematics, American Indian/Alaska Native students in Montana and Oklahoma were not significantly different from their peers in the nation on average scores; but American Indian/Alaska Native students in Alaska, Arizona, New Mexico, North Dakota, and South Dakota had lower average scores than American Indian/Alaska Native students in the nation. In Grade 8 Mathematics, American Indian/Alaska Native students in New Mexico and South Dakota had lower average scores than American Indian/Alaska Native students in the nation. In both Grade 4 and Grade 8, American Indian/Alaska Native students had a higher average score than Black students; and performed lower than White students and Asian/Pacific students. In Grade 8, American Indian/Alaska Native students had a higher averagescore than Hispanic students. (Contains 16 figures.)