Technologically the contemporary Japanese are among the most advanced people in the world. Initially, it was from the West that they acquired modern technology and science, but technology and science have not bridged the cultural gap that exists between Japanese and Americans. Both belong to democratic, capitalistic societies and they share many cultural values, but there are differences in their patterns of behavior which often are the source of misunderstanding and frustration. This document contains papers and responses from a symposium that examined the roots of Japanese behavior from various perspectives. The presentations and responses include: "Japanese Social Structures: Achievement and Modernization" (H. Kato, response T. S. Lebra); "Japan's Response to the Modern World" (M. Jansen, response R. Sakai); "Philosophical/Religious Aspects of Japanese Behavior" (T. Kasulis, response G. Tanabe); "How They Learn: Cultural Values and Education in Japan" (M. White, response v. Kobayashi); "Japanese Internationalization in Historical Perspective" (K. Kabayama; response E. Seidensticker). (DB)