Basic facts are given about the social, economic, political, and military institutions of China. The handbook, which is one of a continuing series designed for those interested in foreign affairs, is a revision of one published in 1972. The 1981 edition focuses on historical antecedents and China's new modernization strategies. Arranged into 14 major topics, the handbook describes the general character of the society with information on its history, physical environment and population, social system, education and culture, economic structure, agriculture, industry, trade and transportation, science and technology, government, political processes, foreign policy, internal security, and national defense. Integrated within the text are artistic renditions of ancient artifacts, numerous photographs, 15 illustrative maps, economic and military graphs, and organizational charts depicting the structure of the Chinese Communist Party and other governmental systems. A glossary of terms and an extensive bibliography follow three appendices, which provide: (1) tables of metric conversion units, Pinyin equivalencies of Wade-Giles forms, a chronological listing of dynasties, major minority nationalities, and production and population tables; (2) excerpts of the 1972 Shanghai Communique and the 1979 Joint Communique; and (3) basic facts and figures concerning the People's Liberation Army of China. (LH)