Over time, compensatory education has become an increasingly institutionalized and effective Federal program, characterized by the following: (1) cooperation; (2) mutual accommodation on the part of national, state, and local officials; (3) ready acquiescence to Federal guidelines at the state and local level; and (4) shared responsibility among…

Program improvement activities can be classified into four categories based on the source of the impetus and the locus of the change agent: systematic, symbolic, opportunistic, and pragmatic. This paper (1) describes the various approaches to implementing Chapter 1 program improvement activities at the state and local district levels in 13 western…

The change from the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to Chapter 1 of the Education Consolidation Act raises issues concerning reading programs covered by the act. The purpose of both laws is to meet the special needs of educationally deprived children. The laws are similar in that they (1) promote teacher and parent involvement; (2) contain…