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Kent, Shawn C.; Wanzek, Jeanne; Al Otaiba, Stephanie – Reading & Writing Quarterly, 2017
The present study examined the amount, type, and quality of Tier 1 and supplemental reading instruction provided to 4th-grade struggling readers and whether specific elements of instruction predicted growth in reading skills. In all, 110 students identified as having reading difficulty who were receiving school-based reading instruction in 22…
Descriptors: Reading Difficulties, Grade 4, Elementary School Students, Reading Instruction
Kent, Shawn C.; Wanzek, Jeanne; Al Otaiba, Stephanie – Grantee Submission, 2017
The present study examined the amount, type, and quality of Tier 1 and supplemental reading instruction provided to fourth-grade struggling readers and whether specific elements of instruction predicted growth in reading skills. 110 students identified as having reading difficulty, receiving school-based reading instruction in 22 classrooms…
Descriptors: Reading Difficulties, Grade 4, Elementary School Students, Reading Instruction
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Pianta, Robert C.; Belsky, Jay; Vandergrift, Nathan; Houts, Renate; Morrison, Fred J. – American Educational Research Journal, 2008
This nonexperimental, longitudinal field study examines the extent to which variation in observed classroom supports (quality of emotional and instructional interactions and amount of exposure to literacy and math activities) predicts trajectories of achievement in reading and math from 54 months to fifth grade. Growth mixture modeling detected…
Descriptors: Mathematics Achievement, Elementary School Students, Longitudinal Studies, Literacy