The No Child Left Behind Act increases pressure on schools and districts to use standardized state test data. Seeking to learn about the process of turning accountability data into actionable information, this paper presents findings from three case studies of small to medium sized school districts. The study examines the flow of state science test data through the district central offices to schools and teachers, revealing how the data is used and how districts are adapting to increased pressures for data use. The findings show the importance of district central office capacity and the degree of centralization of curriculum management. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)