This report presents theories in counseling not merely as abstract thoughts, but as beliefs and proposed procedures to follow in helping a client when he/she has difficulties coping with life. Four main counseling theories are then described: (1) Client-Centered Counseling (Carl Rogers); (2) Rational-Emotive Therapy (Albert Ellis); (3) Reality Therapy (William Glasser); and (4) Behavior Modification (B. F. Skinner, William Glasser). Counselors are advised to decide on one of these theories and to test it to see how effective they are in helping clients. It is noted that, with experience, counselors will integrate other theories and ideas to renew their approach and to become effective counselors. The idea of relevancy of theory to a nontraditional client is explained. This paper ends with a mini-practicum approach to the application of theory and practice. Eight case studies are presented which counselors can use to study the problems, select counseling procedures, reflect on situations, and synthesize into a personal philosophy of counseling. Suggestions for becoming an effective counselor are given. The eight case studies are appended. (NB)