This monograph examines gender differences and related issues in higher education faculty and proposes steps to change the current climate to resolve gender inequalities, solve the impending shortage of faculty, and improve diversity among faculty. A look at the status of women in academia finds that women are an under-represented group in tenured faculty positions and suffer from subtle gender discrimination in teaching, research, salary differentials, and promotion. A survey of studies indicates that women faculty are as capable and productive as men. Evidence from studies of the impact of marriage and children on productivity is mixed. Interviews with men and women faculty reveal that both genders experience stress in balancing careers and families. It is concluded that universities can help by: (1) addressing inequities; (2) conducting a family responsiveness evaluation of university policies and practices; (3) developing a recruitment and hiring policy responsive to dual-career families; (4) adopting a better maternity policy; (5) adopting a family leave policy; (6) allowing load reductions for new parents; (7) stopping the tenure clock for 1 year for new children or family crises; (8) studying the possibility of on-campus child-care; (9) reducing early morning, late afternoon, and Saturday obligations; and (10) re-examining teaching and research expectations for all faculty. An index and over 150 references are included. (JB)