This document reports the state of science achievement of Japanese students based on the Second International Science study conducted in 1983-84. Results are compared to the first study conducted in 1970. The target populations, samples, and structure of the second study are described. Test results including score distribution and high and low response rates were provided for elementary, lower secondary and upper secondary students. Significant correlations were reported between the correct response rates and subject areas studied. There was no sex difference at the elementary level, but at the middle school level sex differences were reported. A table comparing populations on some common questions for high school students is provided. At the elementary level there was no difference between the results this time and in 1970, however the scores of middle school students improved. Some of the problems that were better or worse than the 1970 assessment are considered. Results on process tests, factors related to science achievement, and sex differences in attitudes towards science are reported. (YP)