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Zhu, Shi; Meyer, Patrick – Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 2022
According to PISA 2012, mathematics self-beliefs involve three dimensions: mathematics self-efficacy, mathematics self-concept and mathematics anxiety. This study utilized the multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) method, an approach for detecting whether there is a lack of measurement invariance or differential item functioning (DIF), to…
Descriptors: Comparative Education, Mathematics Education, Self Concept, Foreign Countries