The purpose of this article is to provide a review and etiology of research on racial identity development of African American adolescents in the field of education. This review explores the Black racial identity (BRI) literature, focusing on how BRI has been examined. In particular, the review concentrates on the literature's use of surveying…

Found that the test-retest reliabilities of two measures--(RIAS-B) and (WRIAS)--imply that racial identity may reflect more state characteristics (conditions or events) than trait characteristics (stable). Measures of self-derogation, self-esteem, and ethnic identity were also correlated with the racial identity scales. (RJM)

Surveyed 117 African American males at 10 predominantly white universities to examine the relationship between identity attitudes and student involvement. Results indicate that greater campus activity involvement contributed to higher stages of racial identity development. Findings support the idea that a dialectical interaction exists between…

Investigates relationship between depression and racial identity of Ethiopian immigrants (N=101), using the Tedla-Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-15 and the Racial Identity Attitude Scale. A positive correlation was found between initial denial of one's membership in one's race and depression. Depression was also best predicted by education level.…