In everyday life, humans rely on working memory (WM) processes to make sense of relationships between linguistic elements that are not linearly adjacent. For example, to understand the sentence "The dog that the cat chased is cute," we encode the referent "the dog" into WM, maintain and retrieve it after reading the verb…

Due to the lack of span test for the use in language-specific and cross-language studies, this study provides L1 and L2 researchers with a reliable language-independent span test (math span test) for the measurement of working memory capacity. It also describes the development, validation, and scoring method of this test. This test included 70…

In summer 2014, program staff at 2 teacher preparation organizations designed and launched Phase 1 of an 8-week course designed to develop 100 novice teachers' understanding of key issues related to teaching English Learners. The Phase 1 evaluation led to major course revisions, an implementation of the revised course with a new cohort of 50…

Intended for students taking the Grade 9 English Language Arts Achievement Test in Alberta, Canada, this reading test (to be administered along with the questions booklet) contains eight short reading selections taken from fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, including the following: "Thieving Raffles" (Eric Nicol); "Flight of the…

The primary purposes of this study were to establish the validity of the Gibson and Dembo (1984) teacher efficacy scale (modified for use by resource-room teachers) and to examine the association between resource-room teacher efficacy and the reported frequency and utility of the instructional supervision these teachers received. The 580 Maine…