Purpose: Much of the recent research on data-driven decision making in US schools has focused on standardized test scores while other forms of data in schools have gone largely unexamined as useful data, such as teacher-assigned grades. Based on the literature, the theory outlined in this paper is that grades, as data historically overlooked in…

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the international debate over the university as the service provider for school administrator preparation programs from the United States perspective. Design/methodology/approach: The author's approach is that of using historical analysis in developing a conceptual position the author argues…