This report is part of a five-report series on the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) that examines the history and current process of federal monitoring and enforcement of IDEA, the role of the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR), the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), and IDEA's options for resolving disputes and addressing systemic violations. the National Council on Disability commissioned this report to better understand the current system of IDEA monitoring and enforcement. Nine chapters focus on: (1) Examining the Federal Role in Education; (2) Evolution of Monitoring and Enforcement under IDEA; (3) Department of Education's Current Process; (4) State Monitoring of Local Education Agencies (LEAs); (5) IDEA Dispute Resolution Options; (6) Role of the Office for Civil Rights; (7) Role of the Department of Justice; (8) Perspectives of Key Stakeholders; and (9) Findings and Recommendations. Results of the study found the current system of monitoring and enforcement, while moving toward a more balanced approach of compliance and results, often fails to address noncompliance in a timely and effective manner and utilize all of the options available to address issues.