The purpose of this study was to find the differences between middle school mathematics programs in China and the United States. More specifically, the objectives of the study were to compare how mathematics is presented in the curricula and textbooks in China and in the United States, and to compare how mathematics is taught in classrooms in these countries. The ultimate goal of this study was to provide data and recommendations which may be used to identify problems in mathematics programs in both U.S. and Chinese middle schools. It is concluded that there are problems in mathematics education in both China and the United States. China needs to find a way to reduce the high pressure from the exam-driven system to develop multiple teaching strategies and apply new technology in mathematics teaching and learning. The United States should look for new approaches to improve on weaknesses in basic conceptual understanding and skills. (Contains 25 references.) (ASK)