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Peer reviewed
Cunningham, Anne E.; Stanovich, Keith E. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 1990
The spelling performance of 22 male and 26 female first graders using a simultaneous oral spelling method was compared when students were writing the words, spelling them with letter tiles, or typing them on a computer keyboard. Results of two experiments indicate the superiority of handwriting in improving spelling acquisition. (SLD)
Descriptors: Classroom Techniques, Comparative Analysis, Computer Assisted Instruction, Elementary School Students
Peer reviewed
Cunningham, Anne E.; Stanovich, Keith E. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 1991
The construct validity of a new measure of children's exposure to print, the Title Recognition Test (TRT), was assessed with 34 fourth, 33 fifth, and 67 sixth graders. The TRT demonstrated significant correlations with spelling, vocabulary, verbal fluency, word knowledge, and general information. (SLD)
Descriptors: Children, Construct Validity, Correlation, Elementary School Students
Peer reviewed
Cunningham, Anne E.; Stanovich, Keith E. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 1990
A study of 51 third and 47 fourth graders using a new measure of exposure to print, the Title Recognition Test, established that orthographic processing ability can account for variance in word recognition skill after variance resulting from phonological processing is removed. The importance of print exposure is discussed. (SLD)
Descriptors: Children, Cognitive Processes, Elementary Education, Elementary School Students
Peer reviewed
Stanovich, Keith E.; Cunningham, Anne E. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 1993
Studied whether individual differences in print exposure and exposure to other media can account for individual differences in acquired declarative knowledge, controlling for confounds between experience and ability. Results with 268 undergraduates (90 males and 178 females) suggest that exposure is a significant contributor to knowledge…
Descriptors: Ability, Authors, Correlation, Factor Analysis