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What's in a Grade? The Multidimensional Nature of What Teacher-Assigned Grades Assess in High School
Bowers, Alex J. – Educational Research and Evaluation, 2011
Historically, teacher-assigned grades have been seen as unreliable subjective measures of academic knowledge, since grades and standardized tests have traditionally correlated at about the 0.5 to 0.6 level, and thus explain about 25-35% of each other. However, emerging literature indicates that grades may be a multidimensional assessment of both…
Descriptors: Grades (Scholastic), Standardized Tests, Reading Achievement, Multidimensional Scaling
Bowers, Alex J. – Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 2010
School personnel currently lack an effective method to pattern and visually interpret disaggregated achievement data collected on students as a means to help inform decision making. This study, through the examination of longitudinal K-12 teacher assigned grading histories for entire cohorts of students from a school district (n=188), demonstrates…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Secondary School Students, School Districts, Grades (Scholastic)
Bowers, Alex J.; Sprott, Ryan; Taff, Sherry A. – High School Journal, 2013
The purpose of this study is to review the literature on the most accurate indicators of students at risk of dropping out of high school. We used Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to compare the sensitivity and specificity of 110 dropout flags across 36 studies. Our results indicate that 1) ROC analysis provides a means to compare…
Descriptors: At Risk Students, Dropouts, Accuracy, Computation
Bowers, Alex J. – Journal of Educational Administration, 2009
Purpose: Much of the recent research on data-driven decision making in US schools has focused on standardized test scores while other forms of data in schools have gone largely unexamined as useful data, such as teacher-assigned grades. Based on the literature, the theory outlined in this paper is that grades, as data historically overlooked in…
Descriptors: Grades (Scholastic), Data, Decision Making, Standardized Tests
Brookhart, Susan M.; Guskey, Thomas R.; Bowers, Alex J.; McMillan, James H.; Smith, Jeffrey K.; Smith, Lisa F.; Stevens, Michael T.; Welsh, Megan E. – Review of Educational Research, 2016
Grading refers to the symbols assigned to individual pieces of student work or to composite measures of student performance on report cards. This review of over 100 years of research on grading considers five types of studies: (a) early studies of the reliability of grades, (b) quantitative studies of the composition of K-12 report card grades,…
Descriptors: Grading, Educational Research, Research Reports, Reliability