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Bowers, Alex J.; Zhao, Yihan; Ho, Eric – High School Journal, 2022
Research on data use and school Early Warning Systems (EWS) notes a central practice of researchers and practitioners is to search for patterns in student data to predict outcomes so schools can support success when students experience challenges. Yet, the domain lacks a means to visualize the rich longitudinal data that schools collect. Here, we…
Descriptors: Learning Analytics, Visual Aids, Student Records, Longitudinal Studies
What's in a Grade? The Multidimensional Nature of What Teacher-Assigned Grades Assess in High School
Bowers, Alex J. – Educational Research and Evaluation, 2011
Historically, teacher-assigned grades have been seen as unreliable subjective measures of academic knowledge, since grades and standardized tests have traditionally correlated at about the 0.5 to 0.6 level, and thus explain about 25-35% of each other. However, emerging literature indicates that grades may be a multidimensional assessment of both…
Descriptors: Grades (Scholastic), Standardized Tests, Reading Achievement, Multidimensional Scaling
Bowers, Alex J. – Journal of Educational Administration, 2009
Purpose: Much of the recent research on data-driven decision making in US schools has focused on standardized test scores while other forms of data in schools have gone largely unexamined as useful data, such as teacher-assigned grades. Based on the literature, the theory outlined in this paper is that grades, as data historically overlooked in…
Descriptors: Grades (Scholastic), Data, Decision Making, Standardized Tests