Too often, early elementary teachers enter the classroom unprepared for the particular challenges of teaching children in grades 3 and under. Many were trained in programs that focused on older elementary grades, even though their license qualifies them to teach children as young as kindergarten. Teachers who obtained their certification through a program focused on early childhood might not have the expertise needed to create effective lessons in such content areas as social studies and science. Others may not have received instruction in teaching children how to read. Still others may not have studied child development. Bornfreund suggests that teacher training and licensure programs be changed so that all teachers in these early grades will have the preparation they need.