We examine the historical development and use of the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder that has been primarily applied to war veterans. We explore how study of this population and refinement of this diagnosis were influenced by changing paradigms and the emergence of new theory. From this context, we then explore similarities and differences between the symptoms, stressors, and social supports of war veterans with those of youth living in violent, impoverished communities. Based upon this analysis, we conclude with implications for researchers, education, mental health, and social service policy-makers and service providers.