This dissertation traces the history of mathematics education in Palestine Hebrew secondary schools from the foundation of the first Hebrew secondary school in 1905 until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. The study draws on primary sources from archives in Israel and analyzes curricula, textbooks, student notebooks, and examinations from the first half of the 20th century as well as reviews in contemporary periodicals and secondary sources. Hebrew secondary mathematics education was developed as part of the establishment of a new nation with a new educational system and a new language. The Hebrew educational system was generated from scratch in the early 20th century; mathematical terms in Hebrew were invented at the time, the first Hebrew secondary schools were founded, and the first Hebrew mathematics textbooks were created. The newly created educational system encountered several dilemmas and obstacles: the struggle to maintain an independent yet acknowledged Hebrew educational system under the British Mandate; the difficulties of constructing the first Hebrew secondary school curriculum; the issue of graduation examinations; the fight to teach all subjects in the Hebrew language; and the struggle to teach without textbooks or sufficient Hebrew mathematical terms. This dissertation follows the path of the development of Hebrew mathematics education and the first Hebrew secondary schools in Palestine, providing insight into daily school life and the turbulent history of Hebrew mathematics education in Palestine. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]