This is the final report of the latest effort in a series sponsored by the National Science Foundation on the innovation process. It adds to the store of retrospective case studies by documenting historically the significant events in several technological innovations of high social impact. These cases, drawn together by the Battelle Columbus Laboratories, along with previous case studies, illustrate the diverse ways by which research and development activities support each other in the innovation process. The case studies report on the heart pacemaker, hybrid grains and the green revolution, electrophotography, input-output economic analysis, organophosphorus insecticides, oral contraceptives, magnetic ferrites, and the videotape recorder. (PEB)