This book focuses on the minority languages of Europe, those other than the national languages of European Union member states, by looking at the demographic, sociolinguistic, and educational aspects of both regional and immigrant languages. Empirical evidence for the status of these other languages of multicultural Europe is brought together in a composite frame of reference from national and cross national points of view. In doing so, the limitations of the European Charter on Regional and Minority Languages are challenged. A widening of its scope is proposed in order to include rather than exclude immigrant languages in the range of European minority languages. Part 1 covers the regional languages of Europe, including Basque in Spain and France, Welsh and Gaelic in Britain, Frisian in the Netherlands, Slovenian in Carinthia, and Swedish in Finland, and the historical minority languages of Sweden. Part 2 deals with immigrant languages in Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain, France, and Spain. The status of Romany throughout Europe is also considered. Part 3 offers a comparative outlook from outside Europe and focuses on English in contact with other languages in the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and India. Given the significant numbers of inhabitants of Europe are from Turkey and Morocco, the final two chapters deal with the status of the dominant and the dominated languages in these countries. References are found at the end of each chapter. (KFT)