China's one-child policy has been an unprecedented policy experiment in human history. Despite its significant achievements, the policy has induced equally significant potential problems. As problems of the one-child policy have been widely noticed and suggestions for adjustments are available, the leadership transition of China in 2012 and 2013 may open the policy window for decisive actions. Change agents have to be aware that the new population policy should not just be based on utilitarian calculation, but also on the recognition of human rights and equity.