Flight simulators, computer-based instruction (including both computer-assisted and computer-managed instruction), and maintenance training simulators are as effective, when used for training, as aircraft, conventional classroom instruction, and actual equipment, respectively. Data from about 100 studies are reported to support this finding. These methods of instruction save student time, investment, and operating costs except that credible cost data are not available for computer-based instruction. These findings apply primarily to training at schools. Much less is known about the transfer of training from school to job, except for the effective transfer of skills from flight simulators to aircraft. Little has been done to determine trade-offs between optimum combinations of effectiveness and cost. (25 figures and 20 references) (Author/GL)