This book represents a comparison of the systems of training and utilization of scientists/engineers in the United States and Soviet Union. Chapter 1 provides a general description of the economic structure and organization in which the training of scientists/engineers is conducted and in which such trained personnel are employed. In chapters 2-5, the systems of training scientific, engineering, and technical personnel are described. The discussion covers the structure of U.S./Soviet educational systems, focusing on general education, technician training, higher education, and graduate training. Statistical tables providing a quantitative comparison of entrance, enrollment, and completion of various stages in the education process in the two countries are included where appropriate. Chapters 6-9 focus on employment aspects of scientists/engineers, discussing: definitions used for classifying individuals as scientists, engineers, or technicians; utilization of scientists/engineers in research and development (R&D) employment sectors; and the mobility of scientists/engineers between fields, employment positions, and geographic areas. Statistical tables showing science/engineering employment trends are presented as well as U.S./Soviet comparisons of total scientific/engineering manpower and estimated R&D employment aggregates. Principal methods used to forecast demand for and supply of scientists/engineers are described, including some supply projections. Chapter 10 summarizes and assesses some of the principal findings reported. (JN)