In "Open-Source Unionism: Beyond Exclusive Collective Bargaining," published in fall 2002 in the journal Working USA, labor scholars Richard B. Freeman and Joel Rogers use the term "open-source unionism" to describe a form of unionization that uses Web technology to organize in hard-to-unionize workplaces. Rather than depend on the traditional means of union organizing--leafleting at the plant gate, holding organizing meetings in the break room, or "house visiting" workers after hours, for example--open source union organizing relies on "cybertools" such as Listservs, chat rooms, and Web sites. These tools help bring together people who, as a result of the new economy, are employed at separate locations, often as temporary or contract workers, and lack a common work experience. Like the open-source software movement--in which communities of programmers linked through the Internet share and improve upon software code--open-source unionism embraces the utopian, collaborative ethos of the Internet revolution. Ideas and calls-to-action are circulated over the Web, shared ideologies are developed through e-mail exchanges, and, through this process, a nascent worker consciousness is forged.