As part of the international debate about new forms of governance and moves towards decentralization and devolution, this article discusses the increasing interest in the concept of "localism" in the UK, marked recently by the publication of the UK Coalition Government's "Localism Bill". A distinction is made between three versions--"centrally managed", "laissez-faire" and "democratic" localism. The article draws on two research projects funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and one by the Nuffield Foundation, as well as sources by specialists in local government, political analysts and educationalists. It explores the broad features of the three versions of localism and their implications for upper secondary education and lifelong learning. The article concludes by examining the strengths and limitations of the first two models and suggests that the third has the potential to offer a more equitable way forward. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)