This paper summarises the findings of the first stage of a pan-European study of collaborative doctoral training, which has examined programmes involving private sector partners. While studying for a doctorate has traditionally been seen as preparation for a job in academic teaching and research, for many candidates today (currently around 50%) this is a prelude to a wide range of careers. New programmes aim to offer the rigour of the conventional doctorate while giving more exposure to the nature of research in other sectors of the economy. Our analysis has revealed that these programmes are increasingly driven by the development of more strategic approaches to collaborative research and knowledge exchange. On the basis of the experiences reported by stakeholders, the paper suggests working practices and supporting policy measures that can address the (potentially conflicting) requirements for a high quality of education, sound research and adequate preparation for diverse career pathways. The paper also highlights the need for better data on, and more systematic tracking of, career pathways to improve confidence in the quality and suitability of all types of doctorate courses.