This article looks at the potential of bioenergy as a replacement for fossil fuels, the cutting-edge research being undertaken by scientists, and classroom resources available for teaching this topic. There is currently a large programme of scientific research aiming to develop advanced biofuels (replenishable liquid biofuels from non-food plants, algae and organic waste), along with an initiative to support teachers and engage the public. Advances in biofuel usage and technologies provide teachers with ample opportunity to discuss controversial issues and carry out practical work.