Given the importance of accurately gauging early childhood approaches to learning, this study reports evidence for the dimensionality and utility of the Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale for use with disadvantaged preschool children. Data from a large (N = 1,666) sample representative of urban Head Start classrooms revealed three reliable factors: Competence Motivation, Attention/Persistence, and Learning Strategy. External validity was evidenced by relationships of Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale factor scores to future academic performance and learning behaviors, as well as multilevel logistic models indicating that all three factors were associated with reduced risk of future maladjustment and academic nonproficiency. (Contains 3 tables.)