This paper builds upon the poetics of scientific discourse which provide extraordinary insights into the workings of the scientific imagination and into the ways it is both colonized and liberated by the medium of social and ideological transfer--metaphor. The paper examines what constructivism is teaching us about the role metaphor plays in…

This paper reviews the history of the placement of mentally retarded students during the first half of this century. In 1900, it was generally assumed that custodial care of feebleminded persons was necessary to protect society. Severely retarded students were regularly excluded from public school attendance. Soon school officials began adopting…

During a time of crisis, it is instructive to examine the national press of Japan and Korea, two economic allies that view each other with suspicion. The Japanese press is relatively free and liberal-oriented on the domestic scene but is closely aligned with big business and government with regard to international concerns. The South Korean…

Computer numerical control (CNC) has evolved from the first significant counting method--the abacus. Babbage had perhaps the greatest impact on the development of modern day computers with his analytical engine. Hollerith's functioning machine with punched cards was used in tabulating the 1890 U.S. Census. In order for computers to become a…

This paper proposes that the Council of Professors of Instructional Supervision (COPIS) start a journal devoted to the study and practice of instructional supervision and examines the history of "The Journal of Educational Method" to support the contention that the proposed new journal could thrive. An opening section argues that the…

Scientific psychology did not begin with Fechner and Wundt in the 19th century; its roots actually stretch back to 18th century Germany. The only detailed account of this period was published by Max Dessoir more than 80 years ago. Dessoir identified some of the crucial figures in early psychology, including Wolff, Bonnet, Kruger, Hissman, and…

Articles published in the journal "The Arithmetic Teacher" in 1954-55, 1969, and 1986-88 were analyzed to assess the development of the journal. Note is made of such factors as size, cost, and appearance. Of greater concern is the focus. In the 1954-55 issues, a pragmatic philosophy of education, with emphasis on the usefulness of mathematics and…

The history of the study of human mental ability is an example of the dialectic in social science between those who interpret data within the framework of existing social inequities and those who look for perspectives that might eventually dissolve inequities. The dedication of Henry Herbert Goddard to a belief in the scientific proof of…

A brief biography is presented of Henry Barnard, one of the leading educators in America during the first half of the 19th century. An early and forceful advocate of free public education, Barnard promulgated his ideas through public service and teaching as well as through writings in "The American Journal of Education," which he edited…

Changes in adult education since the end of World War II have been brought about less by adult education itself than by politics and the economy. The historiography of education is no longer considered a mere history of the ideas and literature of education but instead as social history. For research into the history of adult education, use of…

A review of the past, the present, and the future offers an enlightening view of literacy in America. A 1967 issue of the "Illinois Journal of Education" has articles on phonics, linguistics, spelling, modalities of learning, disadvantaged children, vision screening and vision training, readiness, Montessori, partnerships between…

A discussion of the role of Swahili in Tanzania looks at its elaboration as an indigenous language, involving both internal modification of the written language and the extension of its institutionalized domains of use. Because of its role as the lingua franca of the independence movement, Swahili became a vehicle for national political…

The interest of U.S. presidents in public education has grown increasingly intense since World War II. This has been due largely to the nation's emergence as an international economic and political power, and a corresponding demand for an educated workforce. This paper surveys presidential administrations from Franklin Roosevelt to George Bush in…

The National Teacher Examinations (NTE), were first administered in 1940. Teacher examinations had existed in the United States since colonial New England. During the late 1920's, intelligence tests became popular; teaching aptitude, subject matter competence, and knowledge of testing were also measured. In 1931, a cooperative program of the…

Clifford Glenn Christians' work in the area of media ethics education from 1976 through 1984 has influenced the way media ethics is taught to many college students today. This time period includes, among his other accomplishments, Christians' work on an extensive survey of how media ethics was taught in the late 1970s, his work on the Hastings…