Olfactory learning assays in Drosophila have revealed that distinct brain structures known as mushroom bodies (MBs) are critical for the associative learning and memory of olfactory stimuli. However, the precise roles of the different neurons comprising the MBs are still under debate. The confusion surrounding the roles of the different neurons may be due, in part, to the use of different odors as conditioned stimuli in previous studies. We investigated the requirements for the different MB neurons, specifically the [alpha]/[beta] versus the [gamma] neurons, and whether olfactory learning is supported by different subsets of MB neurons irrespective of the odors used as conditioned stimuli. We expressed the "rutabaga" ("rut")-encoded adenylyl cyclase in either the [gamma] or [alpha]/[beta] neurons and examined the effects on restoring olfactory associative learning and memory of "rut" mutant flies. We also expressed a temperature-sensitive "shibire" ("shi") transgene in these neuron sets and examined the effects of disrupting synaptic vesicle recycling on "Drosophila" olfactory learning. Our results indicate that although we did not detect odor-pair-specific learning using GAL4 drivers that primarily express in [gamma] neurons, expression of the transgenes in a subset of [alpha]/[beta] neurons resulted in both odor-pair-specific rescue of the "rut" defect as well as odor-pair-specific disruption of learning using "shi[superscript ts1]."