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Gwozdzik, Spenser; Stiefel, Leanna – American Educational Research Journal, 2023
Positive perceptions of school climate correlate with many dimensions of academic well-being and student health. Unfortunately, some existing research finds more favorable perceptions in middle school for general education students (GENs) than for students with disabilities (SWDs). Given the importance of ninth grade to student success, it is…
Descriptors: Students with Disabilities, Educational Environment, Student Attitudes, Middle School Students
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Schwartz, Amy Ellen; Stiefel, Leanna; Rothbart, Michah W. – American Educational Research Journal, 2016
Recent research finds that grade span affects academic achievement but only speculates about the mechanisms. In this study, we examine one commonly cited mechanism, the top dog/bottom dog phenomenon, which states that students at the top of a grade span ("top dogs") have better experiences than those at the bottom ("bottom…
Descriptors: Middle School Students, Bullying, Public Schools, Safety