Until recently, the history of debates about language and thought has been a history of thinking of language in the singular. The purpose of this volume is to reverse this trend and to begin unlocking the mysteries surrounding thinking and speaking in bi- and multilingual speakers. If languages influence the way we think, what happens to those who speak more than one language? And if they do not, how can we explain the difficulties second language learners experience in mapping new words and structures onto real-world referents? The contributors to this volume put forth a novel approach to second language learning, presenting it as a process that involves conceptual development and restructuring, and not simply the mapping of new forms onto pre-existing meanings. Following an Introduction by the editor, the contents of this book include: (1) Cognitive Restructuring in Bilingualism (Panos Athanasopoulos); (2) Language-specific Patterns in Event Construal of Advanced Second Language Speakers (Barbara Schmiedtova, Christiane von Stutterheim, and Mary Carroll); (3) Language-specific Patterns in Event Conceptualization: Insights from Bilingualism (Emanuel Bylund); (4) Thinking, Speaking and Gesturing about Motion in more than One Language (Marianne Gullberg); (5) The Art and Science of Bilingual Object Naming (Barbara C. Malt and Eef Ameel); (6) (Re-)naming the World: Word-to-referent Mapping in Second Language Speakers (Aneta Pavlenko); and (7) Thinking and Speaking in Two Languages: Overview of the Field (Aneta Pavlenko).