This report synthesizes the literature and applicable case law concerning academic freedom in higher education and addresses the following issues: (1) popular notions concerning academic freedom; (2) whether academic freedom is a legal right; (3) whether faculty at private institutions have the same rights as faculty in public schools; and (4) current issues that affect academic freedom. The report notes that, while the basic notion of academic freedom has existed since 1940, contained within the Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure of the American Association of University Professors and the Association of American Colleges, in which the elements of academic freedom are specified, academic freedom does not have constitutional status as a legal right. Additionally, while faculty members at public educational institutions may enjoy some constitutional protection, faculty at private schools must rely mainly on contractual safeguards. Current issues significantly affecting academic freedom include artistic expression, political correctness, limitations initiated by church-related colleges and universities, and subpoenaed research information. To adequately address these issues requires organizationally endorsed policies that clearly identify freedoms that are available and the role of faculty. Conclusions and recommendations conclude the report. (Contains 58 references and an index.) (GLR)