Legislative authority for the Dwight D. Eisenhower Mathematics and Science Education Act, one of the principal sources of Federal funding to improve mathematics and science instruction in elementary and secondary schools, expires during the 103d Congress. This report provides background data and analysis for the reauthorization of the Eisenhower Act. It reviews the general concerns about mathematics and science performance that may affect this reauthorization, as well as those related issues involving National Education Goals, standards, and assessments left unresolved by the 102d Congress. Included are overviews of the current provisions of the Act, its funding, and major findings from recent evaluations and studies. A concluding section analyzes some of the significant questions that may be considered during this reauthorization: (1) funding shifts from local education agencies to state education agencies and institutes of higher education, (2) training duration required of local education agencies, (3) the extent to which Eisenhower funds should be directed to broad mathematics and science reform efforts, (4) the use of Eisenhower funds to support educational reform beyond mathematics and science education, (5) the needs of underrepresented and underserved populations served by Eisenhower activities, and (6) legislative changes needed to improve the administration of Eisenhower funds. (MDH)