This report evaluates how school districts across the United States have provided services to immigrant and refugee students under two federally-sponsored programs: the Transition Program for Refugee Children, and the Emergency Immigrant Education Act. The evaluation first describes the population served and the federal, state, and local administration of the two programs, then presents overall conclusions about both programs. Among these conclusions are the following items: (1) the number of eligible immigrant students in the United States has been rapidly increasing; (2) the Refugee Program served a much smaller number of students than did the Immigrant Program; (3) although Congress appropriated approximately $30 million per year for the Immigrant Program, the increasing number of eligible students has reduced the per-student grant amount each year; (4) districts and states vary in the procedures used for counting students in both programs, with consequent variation in the quality of data collected; and (5) refugee and immigrant students have strong linguistic and acculturation needs. Pro and con arguments are also presented for each of four federal policy options for the U.S. Department of Education to consider in the further planning of these programs. Appendices provide application, reporting, and monitoring forms; and a list of school districts reporting eligible students for 1989-91 by state. (Contains 15 tables, 30 references, and a 43-item bibliography.) (GLR)