A review of 110 studies of bilingualism and bilingual education or related topics focuses on investigations of the effects of bilingual education and bilingualism on the academic and cognitive development of children and young adults. The review is divided into sections covering: speaking; listening; writing and language skills; reading; general language proficiency; language usage; mathematics; science; study skills; cognitive and linguistic strategy and development; self concept; classroom behavior; school attendance; student orientation, attitudes, and motivation; language aptitude; personality; social development; language/learning disabilities; student employment; parent attitudes and involvement; teacher and principal attitudes; teacher employment; instructional materials; teaching styles and methods of instruction; and bilingual education as an intervening or dependent variable. Other bodies of related literature are briefly reviewed, and a concluding summary outlines some major themes and ties them to the theory of language and thought developed by Vygotsky. An annotated reference list and a bibliography of other literature reviews and theoretical works of interest are appended. (MSE)