This paper summarizes a report designed to provide the National Science Board Commission with information about recent advances in cognitive/behavioral science relevant to mathematics, science, and technology education, as well as prospective contributions from these fields if adequate levels of support are available. Following a summary statement, the report is organized into four sections: introduction; findings of recent research; research needs and opportunities; and structures for application and support. The first section focuses on two areas: problems of educational content (what to teach students so they can be effective in solving problems and reasoning about significant issues; what to teach about technology; and the role of basic mathematical and programming skills in the curriculum) and problems of increasing student participation in mathematics, science, and technology programs, and of increasing effective use of technological resources (including educational testing). Several examples (relating to physics text problems, arithmetic word problems, misconceptions, and others) are presented. Findings from recent research (section 2) and research needs (section 3) focus on the two major areas (content and participation problems) discussed in section 1. Conditions considered important for continued development and the use of scientific knowledge in cognitive/behavioral sciences relevant to mathematics/science/technology education are discussed in the last section. (JN)