Speaking and writing should be taught together as they both are concerned with the communication model that includes a speaker, a listener, and a subject and the way these elements affect each other. In speaking, it is clear that invention is a public process depending on the listener's or receiver's active participation in the creation of meaning. Speech activities can be useful for teaching the significance of audience in the process of writing. One helpful technique involves assigning an extemporaneous speech that requires careful preparation but that continues the invention process as the speaker responds to the audience. Group discussion can continue the process and can be used to teach an analytical scheme for problem solving that includes phrasing the problem, analyzing the problem, listing criteria to test a solution, suggesting possible solutions, and determining the best solution. Debate can be the next step in the process, as ideally advocacy follows inquiry. (TJ)