An attempt to integrate socioeconomic development with literacy through nonformal education programs in Kerala, India, involved illiterate and semi-literate adults (1050 men, 450 women) in two pilot literacy projects organized by the Sanghom (library organization), Mitraniketan, and state government. Two literacy primers were developed, using an idea-sentence-word-alphabet method, with topics focusing on numeracy skills, vocational improvement, social studies, health education, and subsidiary vocations. Course time was increased from 150 hours in the first program to 300 hours in the second. For final evaluation, literacy gains were tested and compared by age, sex, occupation, religion, and location; attitudinal/behavioral changes were assessed. Mean score of total learner attainment was 63.45 out of a possible 100, with a standard deviation of 20.65. Comparative achievement findings included: men scored significantly higher than women, fishermen scored higher than agricultural workers; no significant difference existed between skilled/unskilled workers; districts nearer project headquarters scored higher; previous schooling gave the learner an advantage; effect of age on achievement was negligible; no significant difference was found among Hindus, Christians, and Muslims. Attitudinal/behavioral changes included the learners using vocation, health, and literacy knowledge, improved self-concept, and greater interest in community development. (RS)