The rationale for a national investment in early childhood learning, the needs to be met, and the costs are discussed. A number of current program models, diagnostic service centers, programs for parent education, and preparent programs at the secondary and college levels are described. Research studies and findings about different early childhood education programs are cited; more evaluative research of all early childhood programs is urged. Bureau of Census data and projections are used to show estimates of: (1) children in families by age, race, and income; (2) mothers in the labor force; (3) migrant children; (4) ethnic and geographic subgroups; (5) target population for parent education; (6) current preprimary enrollment figures; (7) costs of federally financed day care programs; and (8) regional and geographic breakdowns of current enrollment number and capacity of licensed day care facilities. A detailed cost analysis of preschool programs to meet current and projected needs and cost estimates for four different approaches to early childhood learning programs conclude the document. A 242-item bibliography is included. (For related document, see ED 058 473.) (Author/MLF)