In a review of historical efforts to improve the condition of the poor by education, it is noted that these attempts failed to lessen the problems of poverty. In the past the capitalist factory system demanded a cheap labor supply and therefore education was viewed only as a necessary vocational preparation. The contemporary issues of poverty and education are intimately interwoven with the problem of color discrimination and economic improvement. Today's concern with education for disadvantaged groups is actually derived less from a stronger social conscience now than from factors which make poverty "economically disastrous, militarily dangerous, and politically inexpedient." Nevertheless, the chances for success are greater now because of a constellation of new forces. The impetus for the education of the disadvantaged may come from inspired amateurs but an army of competent professionals is essential. To maximize the productive potentiality of all people 12 years of general education in the sciences and humanities are recommended. Moreover, the toughness and resourcefulness of the lower-class child are qualities which should not only be preserved but are ones which the middle-class child might well emulate. (NH)