This article proposes a four-component framework for understanding the literacy of individuals with visual impairments, and defines two levels of literacy--basic (or academic) and functional (or practical) literacy. Implications are drawn for development of self-advocacy skills, development of standards for judging literacy in this population, and…

Adults with low vision who seek clinical low vision services need to be able to read (that is, to interpret or understand words, numbers, and symbols in print meaningfully). Reading difficulties that adults encounter during low vision therapy may be directly connected to a visual impairment or may be related to other reading problems, such as…

A model is proposed that organizes factors related to visual function into three dimensions: visual abilities, available resources and past experiences, and environmental cues. The model is explained to be useful in determining how to elicit visual behaviors or maximize visual function in persons with low vision. (Author/CL)

The author focuses on braille literacy as the primary tool for equal education for visually handicapped individuals. The need for braille proficiency is stressed and the importance of braille ability for individual achievement is described. (PHR)

Braille literacy has far-reaching implications for the education of visually handicapped children, their eventual employment and their quality of life. The article addresses such issues as delivery of services, teacher training, non-reading blind persons, and attitudes about braille. (DB)

This article discusses the benefits that can be derived from implementing adaptive computer training for visually impaired individuals in a group setting, independent from direct job placement concerns. Three student histories demonstrate the advantages of this approach to students' competence, self-esteem, and awareness of career options. (JDD)

This article presents a framework for incorporating microcomputer technology into programs preparing teachers of blind or visually impaired students. The article outlines objectives and approaches to achieving the objectives, lists equipment needed, and stresses the importance of teacher educators' positive attitudes toward technology. (Author/JDD)

An Amiga 500 microcomputer with a talking word processor was used by an Australian visually impaired elementary school pupil, to provide an alternative to braille in using text and writing. This article reviews the relevant literature, explores the challenges and limitations posed by the technology, and offers a case study of the student and her…

An interactive, computerized sound machine was designed, incorporating bar-code technology in the user interface. The system was used in a classroom of nine blind elementary level children to teach sound awareness, logic, metalinguistics, and technological literacy and was found to have pedagogical relevance. (Author/JDD)