Toddlers (41 girls and 35 boys) between 18 and 37 months of age were given four gender discrimination tasks each consisting of 6 pairs of color drawings. Three of the tasks employed color drawings of preschool girls and boys holding either a sex-typical toy, a sex-atypical toy, or no toy. The fourth employed pictures of sex-typical masculine and…

This study examined adolescents' evaluations of short articles which differed in sex association of the content and the author's sex. Findings indicated that the subjects differentially evaluated the performance of males and females. Both sexes were perceived as having expertise in different areas. However, female achievements were devalued more…

On sex bias measures, children (grades 2-10) assigned more desirable traits to their own sex and more undesirable traits to the opposite sex. Both sexes became less positive toward their own sex with increasing age. Availability of "both sexes" option decreased stereotyping, especially in girls. (Author/CMG)

College students (N=368) evaluated the competence of a job applicant in a non-sex-typed field and merits of an article written by the applicant. Applicant was described as female or male, single or married, having children or not. Results indicated females were devalued by female and, particularly, male subjects. (Author/RC)

College students were to read applications and give their judgements regarding the competence of female and male job applicants, who were described as either married, never married, widowed, or divorced. Neither the sex nor the marital status of the applicant had a strong or consistent effect on the subjects' evaluations. (AOS)

A group of 76 male and female toddlers identified drawings depicting boys and girls alone or with sex-typical or sex-atypical toys by responding "girl" or "boy,""girls' toy" or "boys' toy." The youngest girls outperformed the youngest boys in identifying toys. Otherwise, responses in general improved with…

Differences between males and females have been documented for a number of behaviors. Among the environmental determinants of the development of behavioral sex differences is differential treatment of girls and boys by their parents and teachers. This paper reviews and comments on the research literature concerning differential socialization of…

University students' attitudes toward women were significantly associated with the following variables: sex, church affiliation, major field, grade point average, years of college, size of home town, mother's employment status, race, loneliness during teen years, religiosity, mother's attitude toward homemaking, and (for married students) number…

Findings that job applicants who are married and childless are evaluated more favorably than applicants who are single and have a child have serious implications for the growing number of single female heads of households. This study examines how evaluations of competence are affected by marital and parental status when males and females apply for…

Results of study suggested that single female workers are evaluated favorably so long as they pursue sex-typical jobs, while female and single male workers are viewed much less favorably when they are in sex-atypical fields. (CMG)

A total of 80 males and females (from 10 to 18 years old) were studied for explanations of task performance. No consistent age or sex differences were found. (SDH)

This study replicates a previous study in order to reexamine the development of sex biases in middle childhood and adolescence. Four hundred public school students in grades 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 (200 of each sex) assigned desirable and undesirable traits to girls and boys. Twenty-nine traits (15 desirable and 14 undesirable) were selected from the…

A study was conducted to examine the influence of a job applicant's sex, marital status, and parental status on evaluation of competence. One hundred eighty-four female and one hundred eighty-four male college students were given a completed job application and an article written by an applicant. The job applicant was described to the subjects in…

The purpose of this study was to clarify the age of emergence of differential attributions for the success and failure of girls and boys on feminine and masculine tasks. Subjects were 192 children attending either preschool or third grade. From this group 6 boys and 6 girls from each grade level were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions…